Case Study Mcdonalds

SHERIDAN College CASE STUDY ON McDonald’s JASKARAN KULLAR 991313325 BUSINESS MARKETING JOHN COOPER 14, MARCH 2013 McDonalds A Current Marketing Situation STRENGTHS 1. McDonald’s is the world’s biggest café association. 2. Solid brand name and acknowledgment. 3 McDonald’s create more than $40 billion in framework wide deal. 4 It works more than 35000 eateries in excess of 100 nations on six landmasses. 5 It has an unrivaled worldwide foundation and capabilities in café tasks, land, retailing, advertising and diversifying. McDonald’s site says that it is a pioneer in the territory of social duty and is focused on ensuring nature for people in the future. 7 Strong and wide correspondence divert in the market. (deng, 2009) 8 Play regions for kids. 9 Large objective markets. 10 Recession safe (Birchall, 2008) 11 In September 2003 effective support up of new items was propelled with MTV’s promoting effort highlighting the new slogan, â€Å"Iâ₠¬â„¢m Lovin’it†. (Jennifer, 2004) WEAKNESSES 1 McDonald’s has not accomplished its development desires in recent years. Thin Product lines. (deng, 2009) 3 McDonald’s brand relationship as a shoddy nourishment. (deng, 2009) 4 Few choice for good dieting 5 High worker turnover rates. (macy, 2012) 6 McDonald’s additionally have some awful impacts on condition. (ltd. , 2006) 7 McDonald’s likewise faces numerous sorts of lawful activities on numerous issues. Openings 1 Product pressing for McDonalds now includes QR codes for clients to get nourishing data. Mcnamara, 2013) 2 Opportunity to augment showcase, the purchasers who care about medical problem. (deng, 2009) 3 Slightly changing business sector brand picture of McDonalds. (deng, 2009) 4 In 2009, McDonald’s propelled its weighty Angus burger in all U. S. An areas. 5 Introduction of trans sans fat French fries in all eateries in the U. S. An and Canada. 6 Introduction of McCafe. 7 Testi ng advertising products of the soil as glad supper at certain outlets. 8 McDonald’s establishments abroad turned into a most loved objective of individuals and gatherings communicating antiglobalization estimations. Section into new and exceptionally well known item classifications. Dangers 1 Public assault about corpulence issue. (deng, 2009) 2 Changing taste of shoppers. (deng, 2009) 3 Unable to maintain supporters as extraordinary control sandwiches offered by rivals Burger King and Wendy’s. 4 Promotional plans like McDonalds game discovered intrigue with 51 individuals charged in a piece of trick winning $24 million by taking winning McDonald’s tickets. 5 McDonalds indicated a deferred impact than different eateries administrators in exchanging over to zero trans-fat cooking oil. In 2001 McDonald’s was sued for harming strict conclusions by veggie lover bunches for not uncovering its flavors in French fries as it added hamburger concentrate to vegetab le oil and indicating it as veg in menu. 7 Consumers started recording claims that eating at McDonald’s had made them over weight. 8 Competition from burger rulers and Wendy’s. (Thomadsen, 2007) MARKET SEGMENTATION TARGET MARKET| BABY BOOMERS| GENERATION X| GENERATION Y| GENERATION Z| DEMOGRAPHICS| 45-65+| 35-44| 19-34| 0-18|GEOGRAPHICS| URBAN| PSYCOGRAPHICS| More worried about low cholesterol food| More worried about low fat food| More worried about physical wellness food products| Generally eats taste arranged food products| BEHAVIOURAL| Mostly worried about great nature of food products| Requires access with brisk and new food service| Generally make up for lost time food without anyone else by coming to out| Check out with companions and family| ISSUE ANALYSIS In 2004,Morgan Spurlock’s narrative film Super-Size Me gave very analysis to McDonald’s quick â€Å"nutrition†, in which he shows how he increases fat and devastate his wellbeing by eatin g McDonald’s. 2 In 1998 McDonald’s began â€Å"Made for you† System yet it was not fruitful. There was a lessening in development of deals in stores. 3 In 1999 preceding the execution of â€Å"made for you â€Å"scheme ,McDonald’s intended to give around 190 million in money related help to its franchisees ,yet the real expense of actualizing the framework ran a lot higher than the organization had evaluated. In 2001, 51 individuals were charged scheming to fix McDonald’s game advancements through the span of quite a long while, uncovering that $24 million of dominating McDonald’s match tickets had been taken as a piece of trick. 5 In 2004, McDonald’s was sued for extricating a limited quantity hamburger included to the vegetable oil utilized for cooking French fries. 6 Many individuals despite everything whine that the food served by McDonald’s isn't hot to eat. Proposals PRODUCT :- 1 McDonald’s ought to give hot food to eat on the grounds that numerous clients grumbling that their food isn't so hot to eat else it will influence deals. McDonalds ought to bring some new more advantageous items for all ages since terrible impact on wellbeing is one of the shortcomings of McDonald’s and bringing some more beneficial food will assist with beating this picture. 3 McDonald’s ought to give some free snacks since it will assist it with rivaling its rivals and increment deals. 4 McDonalds should make their items in fat free oil since it will have great impact on wellbeing. 5 McDonald’s ought to likewise give some territorial food in light of the fact that thusly some country individuals will likewise begin tolerating its items. Propelling of new seared and bone in treats in Chicago. Cost:- 1 The cost of items ought to be moderate supposing that they won't be reasonable to little salary bunch then its deal will be influenced and it will likewise offer the chance to contenders to expan d their deals. 2 The costs of items ought to be consistently checked in order to rival rivalry since individuals will purchase those items which they can get in low cost. Spot:- 1 McDonald’s should open new establishments in little urban areas additionally . It will assist them with expanding its business and increment development. McDonald’s should build the quantity of its establishments in all nations so as to extend its business. Advancement:- 1 McDonald’s ought to give some limit on more items bought on the grounds that along these lines individuals will purchase more. Since certain individuals will begin buying more things in the event that they can get markdown. 2 McDonald’s ought to give home conveyance administration in light of the fact that occasionally a few people can’t go to store so as to buy them. It will build deals. 3 McDonald’s ought to give online deal in light of the fact that along these lines individuals can put in the ir requests on the web. McDonald’s is chipping away at new servings of mixed greens and wraps . (wong, 2013) 5 McDonald, s will test the new singed and bone in treats in Chicago. (wong, 2013) 6 Success of compelling wings in Atlanta. (wong, 2013) BEST RECOMMENDATIONS PRODUCT:- McDonald’s ought to give some more beneficial food to all ages since wellbeing heftiness is the serious issue with McDonald’s . Along these lines they can get great picture with respect to wellbeing. Value:- Prices of items ought to be routinely checked so as to contend with rivalry since individuals will least expensive item. Spot:- McDonald’s should open new little establishments at little urban areas additionally on the grounds that it will assist him with expanding its business and increment development rates. Advancement:- McDonald’s ought to give home conveyance administration in light of the fact that occasionally individuals can’t go to store so as to buy item. Book reference Bibliography Birchall, J. (2008). McDonalds guarantees cheap food deals fending off stoppage. Money related occasions. deng, t. (2009, may). McDonalds new procedure on changing perspectives and correspondence. Universal diary of advertising considers, 37-42. Jennifer, R. (2004). web based marking :the instance of McDonald's. ritish food diary. ltd. , n. m. (2006). ICCR sponsered intermediary goals on hereditarily altered living beings gain acknowledgment among investors at wendy's McDonald's . money related wire. macy, a. (2012). financing a remodel:a instance of McDonald's Franchisee. diary of case investigate in business and financial matters. Mcnamara, B. (2013). McDonalds give the individuals what they need. Sustenance business diary. Thomadsen, r. (2007). item positiong and competion:the job of area in the cheap food industry. Promoting science. wong, V. (2013). will McDonald's compelling wings fly? Business feeble.

Comparison of Benjamin Rush and John Adams

Examination of Benjamin Rush and John Adams Cody Palladino Unrest article Between the time of 1760 and the 1800 numerous occasions happened including the progressive war that would turn into a significant piece of American history. Both Benjamin Rush and John Adams were cultivated men that had altogether different perspectives on the insurgency in America. Likewise, both john Adams and Benjamin Rush had gigantic effect on the result of the American upset. During this article, I will clarify how the perspective on Benjamin Rush and john Adams vary from each other, for example, how John Adams believed that the American unrest was over before the war however that wasnt the case for Benjamin surge with respect to he thought the American transformation was a long way from being done significantly after the progressive war. Likewise as much as they didn't concur upon every others perspective on when the transformation finished they agreed upon some thought regarding the American upset. In conclusion this paper will clarify my perspectives too to if the American upheaval qualify as progressive. To begin with, John Adams was one of the pioneer in the American upset, and was the second leader of the US structure (1797 to 1801). He was conceived in Massachusetts and was destined to be perceived as a Harvard-taught graduate who soon after turned into a legal advisor. John Adams was incredibly astute, energetic, and extremely obstinate. Adams turned into a tremendous journalist of incredible Britains provincial America and he likewise felt that the British duties and high charges were an instrument of mistreatment. In 1765 the entry of the Stamp Act pushed Adams into the open undertakings of the domain and province. This equivalent year John Adams had Published his first significant exposition about governmental issues called A thesis on the Canon and Feudal Law, and furthermore made the Braintree Instruction. These bits of work assaulted the Stamp Act for striping the American pilgrims of their two essential rights. These two rights were, the rights to be burdened uniquely by a ssent and tired distinctly by ones friends for the jury, these rights were ensured to all Englishmen by the Magna Carta were all the while being removed. During the 1770s John Adams turned into an individual from the mainland congress. John Adams was likewise one of the main two endorsers of the Declaration of Independence. John Adams had committed his life to the reason for freedom and to the advancement of the republican government in America. His perspectives and convictions about the American upheaval are a long way from that of Benjamin Rush. John Adams accepted that that the transformation happened before the real war did. Adams has proposed that the settlers has as of now intellectually defied the government before the genuine gore. The occasion, for example, the Boston casual get-together upheld his cases. Subsequently, was on the grounds that when England began tax assessment British individuals revolted losing tea the boat into the harbor which could be proof that there wa s at that point a metal insurgency. Next, Benjamin Rush was a major advocator of social changes and furthermore the artist of the Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Rush was incredibly accomplished and turned into a specialist and specialist during the war who treated the injured. Benjamin Rush was one of the top Physician in the recently creating Americas. Benjamin was a solid supporter for his country and the individuals attempting to assist where he can even give clinical consideration to poor people. He was a vocal defender of the liberation of slaves, plummet care for the intellectually sick, and furthermore state funded instruction. Surge concurred with John Adams and needed to nullify to Stamp Act of 1765 in light of the fact that he thought is was over the top and furthermore an infringement to the American individuals forced by the British fundamentally on the grounds that they were in a long 7-year obligation. He had and effect on one of the establishing fathers Thomas Paine in which Paine composed a book called Common Sense. This book dramatically affected the individuals persuading them for the freedom. Surge likewise approved the constitution since he served in the Pennsylvania show. Surge was a solid adherent to the rule of equity, and he needed to abrogate bondage. In the book titled Visions of America by Jennifer Keene it states, Women should have been acquainted with the political thought of republicanism (136). This is the reason Benjamin Rush was advocating female training to such an extent. Surge accepts that the American war that made us free is finished however the transformation is a long way from that. He believes that the insurgency isn't only the war. Freedom was by all account not the only actuality and cause for this upset. Likewise he thinks the transformation is more than attempting to get autonomy from Britain it about changes that havent occurred and are attempting to. He was critical to making this astounding nation we live in today. As I would like to think dependent on the American transformation, I accept that the American Revolution wasnt progressive and this depends on a couple reason I will discuss in the section. Most importantly similar individuals or sort of individuals were in power in the settlements and later what got known as the United States. There was no real genuine change in social relations. Ladies were as yet inconsistent as to men and unfortunately servitude despite everything existed. A wide range of races, ethnicities, poor white Americans and females didn't accomplish their freedom from the new authority after the American transformation. In the American unrest, what really happened was the American pioneer started to understand that their privileges were being taken from them and they began voicing their assessment, the British government were manhandling a large number of their privileges. Such a large number of years after the pioneer individuals had spent numerous years attempting to p ropose a trade off calmly. At the point when change didnt happen wars/battles broke out which in the long run lead the pilgrim to proclaim their autonomy and battled for their opportunity. Because the pioneer got their freedom doesnt imply that this occasion was progressive. Its not strange for individuals to need to change and supplant a sort of government that is unjustifiably treating the individuals. What was planned and made after the progressive war was not all that entirely different than what was made before the war, nothing significantly changed or occurred for the great. the meaning of progressive is including or causing a total or sensational change in which the American Revolution didn't acquire considerably after the American war. The transformation led to some incredible achievements, for example, common freedoms ordered by the Founding Fathers that depended on axiological laws of nature and strict convictions. All things considered, both John Adams and Benjamin Rush had various perspectives and understandings of the American insurgency. John Adams was a solid devotee that the insurgency occurred before the genuine war. Adams has proposed that the homesteaders has as of now intellectually opposed the government before the real gore. For Benjamin Rush his perspectives clarify that in light of the fact that the war was over the insurgency was a long way from that. Benjamin Rush understanding can be advocated that the insurgency wasnt over on the grounds that there wasnt any new type of government built up and consummated after the American War. The articles of confederation plainly is a case of the disappointment. As I would like to think the American unrest was not extremely progressive by any stretch of the imagination. There was no genuine change in social relations. What was planned and made after the American unrest wasnt altogether different than what was cultivated before the wars, thi ngs for the most part remained the equivalent. Despite the fact that John Adams and Benjamin Rush didn't concur about when the transformation was over they had comparative perspectives and agreeance with a portion of the inept laws that the British restricted, for example, the expense duties and the Stamp Act. Work Cited Keene, Jennifer D., et al. Dreams of America: a History of the United States. third ed., vol. 1, Boston, Pearson, 2017.

Freedom After 40 Years - A Closet Smokers Quit Story

Freedom After 40 Years - A Closet Smokers Quit Story Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Freedom After 40 Years of Smoking A Closet Smokers Quit Story By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on October 13, 2017 Martin Ruegner/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Id like to introduce you to Nenejune. A long time closet smoker, Nenejune finally stubbed out her last cigarette and went in search of some online quit support. She found the Smoking Cessation  support forum, and quickly settled in. Ten months later, she was able  to confidently state that she would never go back to smoking. Thanks for sharing your story, Nenejune. You are an inspiration to us all. Smoking Was Part of the Culture When I was a Teen I doubt that my story will be much different than other quit smoking stories. As much as we are unique as individuals, I have found that as nicotine addicts, we are very much alike. If anyone new to quitting reads this, maybe they will see something of themselves and realize that they, too, can quit smoking. I started smoking at the tender age of 15. That would have been about 1968, and people smoked everywhere at that time. There were cigarette ads on TV, in magazines, and on billboards. Characters smoked on TV and in the movies. People smoked in restaurants, stores, offices, and in their homes. Anyone, any age, could buy cigarettes from a machine for about 50 cents a pack. My dad smoked, but my mom never did. No one ever told me not to smoke, but somehow I knew I wasn’t supposed to, especially because I was under 18. It was common for the boys my age to smoke, but not very many girls were smoking. My mom and dad divorced when I was about 12. During one of dad’s visits (when I was 15), I took two cigarettes from his pack and a girlfriend took two from her mom’s pack. I can’t remember the thought process behind this -- I guess we just decided it would be fun. That evening we walked around the far end of our neighborhood smoking. How I wish it would have made me sick, but instead, I liked it. Next thing you know, my girlfriends and I started smoking around the boys we hung out with and we all thought we were pretty cool. I hid smoking from my mom and I blamed smelling like smoke on the boys. A Habit of Hiding My Smoking Begins I went to work full-time right after high school and moved out on my own at 18. I could smoke at my home, at work, and everywhere I went with my friends, but I still did not smoke around my mother. Mom disapproved of smoking. She accepted it in other people, but I knew she would never accept it for me. I loved and respected my mom so much and  didn’t want to hurt her or upset her. I blamed all smells of smoke on my friends. When I married my husband at age 23, he smoked too, and when mom was around, it was easy to blame the smell of smoke on my husband. I put pressure on myself to never hurt my mother. My older sister got caught for everything, including smoking, and I think I was trying hard to be the good daughter. I was an adult now and I felt really foolish for hiding smoking from my mother, but the longer it went on, the more I did not want her to know I smoked. Visits with dad were few and far between, and I never smoked around him either. Gradually the laws began to tighten on smokers in California. I think it was sometime in the 80’s when we began to have designated smoking areas in restaurants and at the office where I worked. It was 1990 when we moved to a brand new house in a city an hour’s drive away from our old home and our families. My husband and I made some rules: No shoes on the new carpet, and no smoking in the new house. I remember my sister laughed about the no smoking in the house rule and she wondered out loud how long that would last. Well, it did last, and the house where we currently live has always been smoke-free inside. Of course, what that meant was we spent a lot of time outside on the patio and in the garage. My husband had a little TV on his workbench in the garage and sometimes I would watch an entire movie out there so I could smoke while watching. Over the years, smoking was becoming less and less acceptable everywhere. After the move in 1990, I was looking for a new job and it was at the point where many employers in California would not hire you if they knew you smoked. So, for the next 14 years, I felt the need to hide smoking from my employer and co-workers. There were a few people in the office who smoked, but they were by far the minority and they were looked down on and talked about. Again, I was trying to be the good girl and I could not stand the shame of admitting I was a smoker. It was impossible to enjoy my job when all I could think of was getting out of there to smoke. At lunchtime I took off in my car so I could smoke and I never went to lunch with my co-workers. I dreaded events like the office picnic and Christmas party. It was miserable trying to hide being a smoker, but still I chose to smoke. In 1993, at the age of 42, my husband developed his first heart problems and underwent angioplasty to open his clogged arteries. He was an athlete in high school and started smoking much later in life than I did, but the damage was done. He came home from the hospital as a nonsmoker. I continued to smoke (outside) and I did not even consider quitting. It was unthinkable, it was impossible, it was out of the question. I was worried about his health, but at 40, I was not yet worried about my own. How my husband put up with me I will never know, but he did. The Heavy Burden of Smoking in Secret Now I had a new problem. I had a husband with  heart disease  who had quit smoking. I could no longer blame the smell of smoke on him when I was around my mother. Now I had to go to even greater lengths to wash away the smell of smoke on myself and I had to run around hiding all smoking paraphernalia on the patio and in the garage before mom came over to visit. When I went places with mom, I always had a reason why we should take her car instead of mine. If mom ever knew about my smoking, she never let on. Holidays and other family gatherings were miserable because I could no longer sneak a puff from my husband. I began to wear the  nicotine patch  to help me get through holidays and other occasions where I could not smoke. I made excuses not to go places or do things with nonsmoking friends and relatives. I was perfectly happy to be left alone so I could smoke all I wanted out on my patio. I did not want to be around a bunch of uptight people who didn’t approve of smoking. I would rather smoke and be a social outcast. I think most people try to quit many times over the course of their smoking career. Not me. I didn’t want to quit and I never tried. I did not have children, so I became very good at being selfish and doing as I pleased. In 2004, I retired when the company I worked for was sold and moved out of state. Now I was home and free to smoke more than ever. By now I had a typical smoker’s cough in the morning and when I laughed or talked a lot. My husband worried about me smoking and coughing so much. He tried not to bug me, but every once in a while he would say something and I would say I don’t want to talk about it. I was starting to worry too about how much I smoked, and I was not getting any younger. I was getting scared about my health, but not that scared, and I still wanted to smoke. After all, I had never had  bronchitis  or  pneumonia, and I only caught a cold about every five years, so I decided I was still pretty healthy. By the way, my Grandpa smoked and he died of  lung cancer  in his mid-60’s. Grandma never smoked and she lived to be 91. My uncle smoked and he died of lung cancer when he was 60. My aunt smoked and she died of a  heart attack  in her late 60’s. My dad smoked and had several heart attacks and bypass surgeries before he died of liver failure in his mid-60’s. Did I mention my mom never smoked? She is now 80, looks about 60, is healthy, active, fit, and has nicer skin than her 56 year-old daughter!  What in the world would it take to get an addict like me to quit? Fear of Smoking Sets In I am the middle of three sisters and we all started smoking as young teens. We were the best of friends and always went places and did fun things together, and we could always smoke around each other. My older sister died of  colon cancer  in 2005 when she was 53 and I was 52. Her death was devastating for me and our entire family, but especially for my mother. This began my fear of dying and my fear of hurting my mother if she were to lose another daughter. My fear of dying led to my real fear of smoking. For three years the fear grew, as did my hatred of smoking and hatred for myself. Still I smoked and I did not know how I would ever quit. I cried at night, asking myself why I had never tried to quit years ago. I begged God for forgiveness and for the will to try to quit smoking. Every morning I woke up and decided I must still be okay, and I would head straight for the patio and light another cigarette. This is the life of a  nicotine addict. On August 23, 2008, I awoke with a terrible cold. Now, a little head cold was not enough to keep me from smoking in the past, but this time was different. My throat hurt so bad and I could not inhale cigarette smoke without pain and terrible coughing fits. For several days I still tried to smoke, taking little tiny puffs and barely inhaling. For three nights I was up coughing so hard that I was gagging over the sink. Once again I begged for God’s forgiveness, and I promised that I would quit smoking. I could no longer live in denial about my smoking. On August 27, 2008, at the age of 55, after 40 years of smoking, for the first time in my life I said, I QUIT! I had a box of patches in the cupboard and I put one on. From using the patch in the past just to get through social events where I couldn’t smoke, I knew it would help take the edge off of my anxiety. My doctor had always told me to come see him when I was ready to quit smoking. I called his office and I got an appointment for the next day. My doctor diagnosed my cold as a virus, not a bacterial infection, and he said my lungs were clear. He told me to stay on the patch for the entire three-step program, and he prescribed  Wellbutrin. And So It Began Those first few days are a bit of a blur now. Even with the patch and my new prescription,  nicotine withdrawal  was difficult. I had headaches, felt disoriented, lost, and confused. I was miserable and scared, but I was committed and determined. On day eight of my quit I was crying, I missed smoking terribly, and I did not know how to handle the emotions that went along with quitting smoking. I told myself if I didn’t feel better by the next day, I would say the heck with this and I would buy some cigarettes. Connecting with Like-Minded People was Key It was mid-afternoon when I thought to look online for a  support group, and I found Verywell Smoking Cessation. I read for hours. I was mesmerized by the articles  stories, and posts at the support forum, as well as the outpouring of compassion, hope, and support. I was feeling like the worst addict in history, and here I found people just like me and they were quitting smoking successfully! I began to believe I could do this too. By the time I made my first post later that day, I actually sounded fairly calm and confident. So many Forum Angels were there with words of encouragement. The August Ash Kickers took me right in and I knew I was among friends. I had quit smoking without doing any research and without a plan. At Verywell, my education about nicotine addiction began and so did my healing. I learned that recovering from my addiction would be a process that would take time and patience. I learned about changing my relationship with smoking and about retraining my brain to think like a nonsmoker. As hard as it was in the beginning, I believed those ahead of me when they said it all gets better with time. I believed NOPE (not one puff ever) was the only way, because one would only lead to another and put me right back where I used to be. I believed that smoking was no longer an option under any circumstance. I read and posted on the forum every day, I drank water, I did a lot of deep breathing, I sucked on lollipops, and I walked. I knew that if I gave up, I might never have the nerve to quit again. Gradually, as promised, I felt better as time went by and I got used to a new routine that did not include smoking. Thanksgiving landed on my three-month anniversary. Christmas was two days before my four-month anniversary. Being a nonsmoker was still new and somewhat difficult for me, but I managed to have a houseful of company on both holidays and I did not suffer the anxiety that I used to have when I constantly wanted to get away and smoke. I had some post-holiday stress and by New Year’s I was feeling really down. I found myself wishing I could smoke like it was week one again. Somehow I managed to separate my feelings about what was really bothering me, and I realized it had nothing to do with smoking or not smoking. This was a breakthrough for me and I was able to stop blaming everything I felt on quitting smoking. By four and a half months, thoughts of smoking were just thoughts, not craves, and I was no longer struggling. I began to feel acceptance and peace as a nonsmoker. There have still been ups and downs along the way, but nothing that could make me go back to smoking. Shortly before my sixth month, my husband survived a heart attack and double bypass surgery. The stress of his illness never made me want to smoke. Knowing that  heart disease is the number one cause of smoking-related death, I was more thankful than ever that I had quit. I am now ten months smoke-free and looking forward to my one-year anniversary and beyond! My Life is Healthier all Around Now The  benefits of not smoking  continue to grow as more time passes. The cough I used to have was completely gone within only one week of quitting smoking. I used to walk about one mile with my dog and now we are going about four or five miles a day. Caffeine and cigarettes seem to go together. I used to drink so much tea and Diet Coke, and now I drink water by choice. I used to stay up late, drinking caffeine and smoking, and now I sleep. The freedom I now have to go places with my mom and nonsmoking friends is wonderful! Learning to deal with my emotions without running outside for a cigarette may have been the hardest part of the quit process. It took time, but not smoking is the new normal. I will be forever grateful for the education and support I received on our forum. I do worry about the long-term effects on my health from so many years of smoking, but for now I am okay and thankful to be smoke-free. My younger sister still smokes, and I pray she will decide to join us soon. Quitting smoking will take the biggest commitment you have ever had to make, but it will be a most rewarding experience and so worth the effort. You have heard this many times before, and you will hear it again from me: If I can quit smoking, so can you. More from Nenejune:  22 Things Ive Learned About Quitting Smoking.

Hu Jintao Former General Secretary of China

Chinas former General Secretary, Hu Jintao, looks like a quiet, kindly sort of technocrat. Under his rule, however, China ruthlessly crushed dissent from Han Chinese and ethnic minorities alike, even as the country continued to grow in economic and political clout on the world stage. Who was the man behind the friendly mask, and what motivated him? Early Life Hu Jintao was born in the city of Jiangyan, central Jiangsu Province, on December 21, 1942. His family belonged to the poor end of the petit bourgeois class. Hus father, Hu Jingzhi, ran a small tea shop in the small town of Taizhou, Jiangsu. His mother died when Hu was only seven years old, and the boy was raised by his aunt. Education An exceptionally bright and diligent student, Hu attended the prestigious Qinghua University in Beijing, where he studied hydroelectric engineering. He is rumored to have a photographic memory, a handy trait for Chinese-style schooling. Hu is said to have enjoyed ballroom dancing, singing, and table tennis in university. A fellow student, Liu Yongqing, became Hus wife; they have a son and a daughter. In 1964, Hu joined the Chinese Communist Party, just as the Cultural Revolution was being born. His official biography doesnt reveal what part, if any, Hu played in the excesses of the next few years. Early Career Hu graduated from Qinghua University in 1965 and went to work in Gansu Province at a hydropower facility. He moved to the Sinohydro Engineering Bureau Number 4 in 1969 and worked in the engineering department there until 1974. Hu remained politically active during this time, working his way up within the hierarchy of the Ministry of Water Conservancy and Power. Disgrace Two years into the Cultural Revolution, in 1968, Hu Jintaos father was arrested for capitalist transgressions. He was publicly tortured in a struggle session, and endured such harsh treatment in prison that he never recovered. The elder Hu died ten years later, in the waning days of the Cultural Revolution. He was only 50 years old. Hu Jintao went home to Taizhou after his fathers death to try to persuade the local revolutionary committee to clear Hu Jingzhis name. He spent more than a months wages on a banquet, but no officials turned up. Reports vary as to whether Hu Jingzhi has ever been exonerated. Entry into Politics In 1974, Hu Jintao became the Secretary of the Construction Department of Gansu. Provincial Governor Song Ping took the young engineer under his wing, and Hu rose to Vice Senior Chief of the Department in just one year. Hu became Deputy Director of the Gansu Ministry of Construction in 1980, and went to Beijing in 1981 along with Deng Xiaopings daughter, Deng Nan, to be trained at the Central Party School. His contacts with Song Ping and the Deng family led to rapid promotions for Hu. The following year, Hu was transferred to Beijing and appointed to the secretariat of the Communist Youth League Central Committee. Rise to Power Hu Jintao became provincial governor of Guizhou in 1985, where he gained party notice for his careful handling of the 1987 student protests. Guizhou is far from the seat of power, a rural province in the south of China, but Hu capitalized on his position while there. In 1988, Hu was promoted once more to Party Chief of the restive Tibet Autonomous Region. He led a political crackdown on the Tibetans in early 1989, which delighted the Central Government in Beijing. Tibetans were less charmed, especially after rumors flew that Hu was implicated in the sudden death of the 51-year-old Panchen Lama that same year. Politburo Membership At the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which met in 1992, Hu Jintaos old mentor Song Ping recommended his protege as a possible future leader of the country. As a result, the 49-year-old Hu was approved as one of seven members of the Politburo Standing Committee. In 1993, Hu was confirmed as heir apparent to Jiang Zemin, with appointments as the leader of the Secretariat of the Central Committee and the Central Party School. Hu became Vice President of China in 1998, and finally Party General Secretary (President) in 2002. Policies as General Secretary As President, Hu Jintao liked to tout his ideas of Harmonious Society and Peaceful Rise. Chinas increased prosperity over the previous 10-15 years had not reached all sectors of society. Hus Harmonious Society model aimed to bring some of the benefits of Chinas success to the rural poor, through more private enterprise, greater personal (but not political) freedom, and a return to some welfare support provided by the state. Under Hu, China expanded its influence overseas in resource-rich developing nations such as Brazil, Congo, and Ethiopia. It has also pressed North Korea to give up its nuclear program. Opposition and Human Rights Abuses Hu Jintao was relatively unknown outside of China before he assumed the Presidency. Many outside observers believed that he, as a member of a newer generation of Chinese leaders, would prove far more moderate than his predecessors. Hu instead showed himself to be a hard-liner in many respects. In 2002, the central government cracked down on dissenting voices in the state-controlled media and also threatened dissident intellectuals with arrest. Hu seemed to be particularly aware of the dangers to authoritarian rule inherent on the internet. His government adopted strict regulations on internet chat sites and blocked access to news and search engines at will. Dissident Hu Jia was sentenced to three and a half years in jail in April of 2008 for calling for democratic reforms. Death penalty reforms enacted in 2007 may have decreased the number of executions carried out by China since capital punishment is now reserved for only extremely vile criminals, as the Supreme Peoples Court Chief Justice Xiao Yang has stated. Human rights groups estimate that the number of executions dropped from about 10,000 to a mere 6,000 - still considerably more than the rest of the worlds toll put together. The Chinese government considers its execution statistics a state secret but did reveal that 15% of lower court death sentences were overturned on appeal in 2008. Most troubling of all was the treatment of the Tibetan and Uighur minority groups under Hus government. Activists in both Tibet and Xinjiang (East Turkestan) have called for independence from China. Hus government responded by encouraging a mass migration of ethnic Han Chinese to both frontier areas to dilute the restive populations, and by cracking down hard on dissidents (whom it labels terrorists and separatist agitators). Hundreds of Tibetans were killed, and thousands of both Tibetans and Uighurs were arrested, never to be seen again. Human rights groups noted that many dissidents face torture and extrajudicial executions in Chinas prison system. Retirement On March 14, 2013, Hu Jintao stepped down as President of the Peoples Republic of China. He was succeeded by Xi Jinping. Overall, Hu led China to further economic growth throughout his tenure, as well as to the triumph of the 2012 Beijing Olympics. Xi Jinpings government may be hard-pressed to match Hus record.

The Character of Don John in William Shakespeares Much...

The Character of Don John in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing The Shakespeare play Much Ado About Nothing is a romantic comedy set in Messina, Italy. In this play there is a thin line between it being a comedy and a tragedy, the only thing that stops this play being a tragedy is the happy ending and the fact that no one really dies. Throughout the play there are a series of upsets within the relationships between characters. Don John, who is the illegitimate brother of Don Pedro, causes most of this upset and trouble. Don Pedro is an important nobleman from Aragon. He is a long-time friend of Leonato and is also close to the soldiers that have been fighting under him (the younger†¦show more content†¦Don John feels as though he is worthless compared to his brother. There is a hidden cause behind Don Johns corrupt nature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I am trusted with a muzzle and enfranchisd with a clog, therefore I have decreed, not to sing in my cageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Don John feels trapped, he is unable to speak as he wishes, show no opinion on a matter, he has very little freedom of movement, and he cannot be who he wants to be. Don John does not like Claudio. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that young start-up hath all the glory of my overthrowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Don John doesnt like Claudio because he feels his brother likes Claudio more than him. This shows Don John is also jealous of Claudio, as well as Don Pedro. The scene Don John next appears in is Act II scene I. This part of the play is set at a masked party Leonato has organised to welcome his guests. This is the first scene we actually see Don John trying to create trouble. He does this by telling Claudio that Don Pedro fancies Hero and is trying to get her for himself. Sure my brother is amorous on Hero, and hath withdrawn her father to break with him about ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We know there is no truth in this and that Don Pedro is merely trying to win Hero for Claudio. Don John is trying to damage the relationshipShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing the Character of Don John in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing989 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing the Character of Don John in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing The play Much Ado About Nothing was written and performed in the Elizabethan period. It was set in Italy in a place called Messina. As expected the play has an happy ending with a marriage, as it is an comedy, except throughout the play you think it may end as an tragedy with lots of talk of death and misery. The mood swings from light comedy to dark tragedy. The play appealed toRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay: The Character of Don John1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe Character of Don John in Much Ado About Nothing  Ã‚     Ã‚   William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy in which he uses one of his more peculiar villains. The antagonist in this play is Don John, the bastard brother of Don Pedro. In this paper I will discuss the role of Don John as well as his motives and the character himself. I will also delve into Shakespeares use of Don John as the antagonist. I will be comparing Don John to other characters in the play as well as to otherRead MoreAn Understanding Evil in Shakespeare ´s Much Ado About Nothing753 Words   |  4 PagesAn Understanding Evil Several of William Shakespeare’s plays focus on the presence of a characters public appearance in the eyes of spectatorship and observation, and the problems that result from misunderstandings. Although it is dark at times, Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy that exemplifies this theme. As spectatorship is an action characters engage in, it becomes a challenge to keep up with the motives and truthful appearances of identities throughout the play. Due to Claudio’s abilityRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing And Hamlet1503 Words   |  7 Pagesthe definition of the character by means of their thoughts, well-being, actions, and interactions with the other set roles. William Shakespeare’s plays included dissimilar characters and different methods of characterization. The two plays that will be compared and contrasted are William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing and Hamlet. As for the characters from each play, Beatrice, Benedict, Don John, Don Pedro, Claudio, and Hero will be assessed from Much Ado About Nothing and from Hamlet, HamletRead More Borachio in William Shakespeares Much Ado about Nothing Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesMinor characters, by simple definition, are characters who do not play a major role in a work of literature. However, every character serves a purpose. Simply because a character does not have many lines or appear in many scenes does not mean that he does not play a major part in the development of the plot. One such character is Borachio in William Shakespeares Much Ado about Nothing. While Borachio appears in only six scenes, he is very important to the entire play. As a minor character, BorachioRead MoreA Comparison Between the Plots of King Lear and Much Ado about Nothing910 Words   |  4 Pages It is no revolutionary statement to say that William Shakespeare wrote some of the greatest plays of all time. This is accepted by everyone from high schoolers to experts as fact. But everyone is always wondering, what makes them great? Well, at the heart of every great Shakespeare play is a well written plot. But how can one man churn out all these plays he’s written, and still have new content in each one? Aren’t they all the same story to some extent? As Lindsay Smith writes, â€Å"Many ShakespeareRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Much Ado About Nothing, By William Shakespeare1247 Words   |  5 PagesAround the world, Shakespeares works are read and analysed. His plays are sorted into four categories: Comedies, Histories, Tragedies and Romances. â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing†, by William Shakespeare, demonstrates the characteristics recurrent in elizabethan tragedies, despite being considered a comedy. These significant elements include: a villain, death, and a tragic love story. To begin, a Shakespearean villain is stereotyped as: an outsider, someone who feels the need for revenge, and someoneRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1285 Words   |  6 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing, is a comedic play by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. (Wikipedia) This timeless play is generally considered one of Shakespeare’s best comedies, because it combines a cheerful mood with an intricate series of deceptions and miscommunications. It’s known for its hilarity, honor, shame and court politics. Shakespeare depicts different kinds of loving relationships- romantic love, familyRead MoreEssay on Inconstancy in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing 1099 Words   |  5 PagesInconstancy in Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) explains inconstancy as the recurrent and generally unexpected or impulsive change from one condition to another. It is the state or quality of being inconstant and unfaithful by virtue of being undependable or deceitful. Set in Messina, Sicily, Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing is a very popular play generally viewed as one of his happiest comedies and is often performed in theatres. However, the playfulnessRead MorePlot Development in Shakespeares Plays Essay505 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares plays can be very much alike, but can also be very different when it comes to the plot. In many of his plays he has many of the main characters die in a tragic death at the end. In some of his plays he has them live and there is a romantic ending. In Romeo and Juliet there is a ending that has both of these scenarios. As said by Snider from J.T. Jones and Company, The Tragic and the Comic fade into each other by almost insensible gradations, and the greatest beauty of a poetical

Discrimination in the United States Today Free Essays

Two blue and white school buses pull out of TC Williams High School parking lot destined for Gettysburg College, the site for this summer’s football camp. Parents looked on with expressions of disgust and worry as their sons disappeared around the corner, now under control of the new black head coach, Herman Boone. Every seat on the bus was to be occupied by one white and one black football player. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination in the United States Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now Players either stared off into space or out the window in order to avoid any contact with the player sitting beside them. The year was 1971 and this was going to be the first season the Titans played as an integrated school with both blacks and whites on the football team. The season would be characterized by hate, crime, brotherhood and determination and triumph. Despite their differences in appearance and the disapproval of the town they left behind, the team would need to come together as brothers to bring home the perfect season so that everyone would remember the Titans. According to Merriam – Webster dictionary, the definition of racism is â€Å"a belief that race is the primary determinant of human trait and capacities and racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race† (Merriam Webster Dictionary 484). Racism has existed in our culture throughout human history in many different forms. Differences in skin color, language and customs have influenced the way people view and treat others. Racism has influenced past wars with slavery, caused segregation in the US in the 1960s and early ’70s, and is present still today in the form of discrimination. The first documented form of racism in the US may have been slavery. Even though slavery was eventually banned in America, segregation continued. Not until many years later did the blacks received the same rights as white people. Still today, racism between ethnic groups is evident in the form of discrimination. Despite the efforts many have made to put an end to racism, eliminating all traces of it is ultimately impossible. Racism is still alive and well in the United States today. Issues on racial profiling, corporate downsizing, layoffs in the industry, racial and class segregation, hyper – segregation, economic racism and institutional racism are but just some of the living proofs to this kind of discrimination happening around us. It has been a struggle our forefathers have battled out and today, it has still not seen an end. It has and still continues to endure since time immemorial. The struggle to impede partiality from affecting law enforcement practices is as patriarchal as the Constitution of the United States itself. Also adversely, for the most part of our past, partiality peace enforcement – founded on fear rather than evidence – has been prevalent and futile (ACLU 4). Since the disaster of September 11, America have witnessed a boost in the country’s desire to let pass law enforcement and defense practices founded mainly on skin pigmentation or other permanent attributes, and a certain desire on the end of the present administration to administer such procedures (ACLU 4). The country’s Asian, Muslim and Arab populace are very much affected by such physical assaults. Rules chiefly laid out to impact specific classes usually end in the damage of the human rights of everyone involved. Furthermore, racism causes the United States to be less secure as a nation, considering the inadequate law enforcement assets are redirected and people who would rather not to be subjected to government perlustration are pinpointed (ACLU 4). The disaster of September 11 has created general counter – immigrant perception tolerable in the law enforcement and civil defense actions integrate prejudice into their implementation (ACLU 4). Ever since the disaster of the September 11 insurgent assault, it has been the legitimate tactics of the administration to hold, cross – examine and arrest beyond criminal offense – usually for long – term on the grounds of their native roots, race and faith. Actually, the very insertion of civil defense exclusion in the guidelines is an affirmation by the justice department that depends on racism and discrimination in its local anti – insurgent efforts (ACLU 5). Racism is at all times at odds with the nation’s central statutory principles of impartiality and justice. Law enforcement founded on general attributes in the likes of ethnicity, faith and native roots, instead on the analysis of a person’s conduct, is a faulty and useless action for guaranteeing civil (ACLU 6). During the times shortly after the September 11 insurgent attacks, the justice department began what measured to a comprehensive agenda of defensive arrest. It was the initial huge – scope arrest of a set of people on the grounds of their native roots or descent since the inhumation of Japanese – American at the time of the Second World War. In the period of the insurgent assaults, civic personnel pierced through Asian, Muslim and Arab territories all over the United States, grabbing them from pathways, and even inside their residences, offices and places of worship (ACLU 9). The cluster and detention of a large number of the population were subjected under a strange disguise of cover – up, abandoning wives, offspring, schoolmates and bosses suspecting the victim’s whereabouts and speculating on the identity of the next captive (ACLU 9). The individual expenses of the authority’s racism policies are immeasurable: diligent, obedient citizens abruptly finding themselves bound arms and foot, detained incommunicado in lone incarceration for over a month each; estranged from relations; residences and workplaces lost and existence flipped right side facing down. For most people, the ultimate defeat of all time is actually the harsh discovery that the place they came to call as their own, the very one which swore liberty and prospective, favored them no more (ACLU 11). The application of segregating by ethnic group, background, faith or native land runs opposite to what is questionably the central theory of democracy: each and everyone are made equal, and are at liberty must be dealt with unvaryingly by the government, notwithstanding immutable self like skin pigmentation, religion, ethnic or national roots (ACLU 18). For both citizens, either Black or Brown, racial discrimination connotes shorter, not so healthy, less – esteemed lifestyles. Racial discrimination verdict class philosophies and is the thought and tradition of white domination. It is the system of racism and repression based on skin pigmentation, physical appearances, roots and ethnicity. Its foundations can be traced as a validation for slavery and the invasion of the people of the United States. Ever since, slavery in America was attached to the progress and evolution of capitalism. Based on the trade and possession of human beings on the grounds of their physical appearances and skin tone, its idea was the manipulation of unsettled labor for great earnings. As properties, Africans were sought as if they were animals, brought to now the United States, and then traded on public sale like creatures of inconvenience. Native American Indians suffered the same fate as their African counterparts as they too were murdered on a huge scale (Marshall NP). Ethical and logical reasoning were invented to give reason for this capture, trade, enslavement and mass killings against humanity. As a philosophy, racial discrimination presented the ethical and logical foundations of slavery, the spreading out of colonialism further to the west and the capture of Mexico’s other half. Hence the reason of this set of guidelines was, and even until now is, to set further views and philosophies based on the illusion that people of darker tones are innately low-grade (Marshall NP). The racially prejudiced utilization of the crime subject, increasing chauvinistic and law enforcement aggression, intensifying separation, criminalization, immigrant – related assaults, rising poverty, living rough and joblessness, amplifying typecasts in media and environmental racial discrimination all signify the intensity of the crisis (Marshall NP). The leanings must be viewed in the perspective of the strengthening of the class efforts. Corporate curb and mass dismissal in the business have resulted to an general drop in the standards of living by the blue – collar workers, particularly the ethnically and nationally demoralized components, and have aggravated the development of racial discrimination. There is a direct relationship between these subject matters (Marshall NP). Capitalism’s general predicament combines a brand new aspect to these issues. Corporate curb and mass dismissal have swept out a lot of the previous reaps opposed to racism in the industry. As the fiscal crisis intensifies, contemporary types of economic racial discrimination are making their presence felt (Marshall NP). Huge rate of joblessness and demarcation are its most straight and stunning result. Rising figures of unemployment cases concerning Asians and their African American counterparts are twice the rate of the Whites. Prolonged joblessness is also exceptionally grave. A huge fraction of those living in the rough are Latinos and Black. Economic racial discrimination’s dreadfulness is mostly observed on its effect on Latinos and Black youths, who predominantly live in penury (Marshall NP). A main attribute of the growth of racial discrimination at the present moment is the height of quality of separation. Segregation has hastened rather than degenerated and happened to be more severe, depicted by pressing destitution and awfully meager situations of life. This is grounds for closer scrutiny of the implication of segregation these days, as more than a consequence of fiscal factors but as a conscious business and administration policy, with far – reaching repercussions (Marshall NP). It is a consequence of business and administrative policies counting red – lining as well as the former President Reagan’s and current administration’s bureaucrats’ slashes in housing and municipal expenditures, which have brought about the damage of metropolitan zones. The damage on national support for developing and maintaining civic housing projects has lead to disastrous outcomes; other than this is the former President Clinton’s bureaucrats’ unsympathetically racist and influential scheme to utilize HUD taxes to construct prisons (Marshall NP). Ethnic and class separation has created a segregated institutional organization, and played a role in the sudden descending glide of the quality of learning made available for both Latinos and Black youths of society particularly in the United States. The privatization of municipal education is aggravating this crisis and bringing new disparities into the scene (Marshall NP). The problem of segregation confronting all ethnically and nationally demoralized and particularly African Americans are the straightforward consequences of the organizational problems specifically during the later parts of the 1970s and 1980s as well as the industrial cut back of the 1990s. These cultures and neighborhoods must be regarded as an indispensable feature of the particular repression of these peoples – group, ethnic and national – and a way of manipulating and slashing these neighborhoods off from the rest of humanity and of actually isolating the blue collar workers (Marshall NP). Recent reports directs to what is called hyper – segregation of African Americana within the country’s major industrial metropolises namely Houston, Detroit, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Newark, Philadelphia, New York, and Chicago, metropolises in which the organizational problems and prolonged and generational redundancy have been deeply felt. Hyper – segregation encompasses the topographical, political, fiscal and social segregation of â€Å"`the aforementioned neighborhoods. It exposes that racial discrimination aimed at the African Americans has a exceptional feature and has arrive at a contemporary and unparalleled phase (Marshall NP). Economic racial discrimination is also associated with the issues of metropolises, where the most neighborhoods are situated. As central industries set out, services are permitted to deteriorate, lanes disintegrate, bridges collapse. Here, the drug use and abuse goes on increasingly, mortality rates sky rocket levels much higher those in the less developed countries, and illnesses such as tuberculosis and AIDS are almost uncontrollable. Here the neighborhoods are in a virtual situation of obstruction as racist law enforcers, under the excuse of combating drugs, threaten and coerce. Here, people of color particularly the younger ones are regularly curved up in speed, and have crammed the country’s penitentiary and detention centers almost to a spill over, African American adolescents amounting to approximately 35%, either in detention centers or subjected to the jurisdiction of the criminal justice organization (Marshall NP). Nationality, sex and background in the business realm must not be a problem. Instead, working well in a diversified environment must be everyone’s aim (Ishimaru NP). Varied sets of skills are in tall order particularly in the American offices these days. But then again, a certain race in itself cannot possibly make it all happen. At this point, diversity fulfills its real essence. Various people from every civilization must share and value each other’s outlooks and beliefs to be able to come off a solution to a crisis and ultimately cause success not just for themselves but for the team they work with (qtd. in Ishimaru NP). Every industry should aspire to diversify. Certainly, it is the proper way to go. Diversity in the business world makes a good logical in itself. It requires thoughtfulness, visualization and commitment to be momentous. Furthermore, it commands eagerness to scrutinize the conventional way of handling business and what is prized in its employees (Ishimaru NP). To be able to produce advancement as far as diversity in the business world is concerned, it is vital to re-evaluate one’s principles and be able to communicative what merit is really about. As people keep on diversifying even more, elevating workers who displayed an ability to diversify to communicate well with his co – employees setting apart aside social discrimination must be highlighted (Ishimaru NP). Studies confirm that operating in a diversified setting is associated with more important associations. Moreover, more friendships between different races are also created in this place. â€Å"The ethnically varied neighborhood is also a model of a diversified surrounding (Estlund 10). There are reasons to trust that the distinctly augmented occurrence of reported friendship between people from diverse backgrounds is founded chiefly from improved relations and incorporation in the business realm. Yet in the greater scheme of things, it is more than a friendship tale. It also speaks of the common but spread out implication of connectedness that shell out of the daily cooperation, informal sociability, mutual welfare, whines, achievements and frustrations among co – workers. All the same, their positive feature is suggested by the occurrence with which they are able to establish real friendship that transcends social discrimination. Racial conflict and segregation is still alive and well. Even so, they were definitely narrowed and combined with thoughts of harmony, respect, friendship and resemblance (Estlund 11). In point of fact, it is only in the business realm where a more lasting and mutual interaction is possible. It is the only place where one can actually see it happen. Every person must search for to be able to team up with their co – workers in any place and time. This type of team up must be made amongst people of diverse roots, ethnic set and gender. Diversity in the business realm, affairs and association that go beyond social discrimination can be counted on to bring about heightened approval and empathy. Besides, it can perhaps form less hostility and typecasting amongst diverse roots, ethnic set and custom (Estlund 12). African – American middle school learners are sensitive regarding the issue of racial discrimination and are willing to voice out their thoughts about the topic at hand. Thoughts of injustice and prejudice associated to race will take place specifically in a teacher relationship, which is made difficult by problems of command and influence (Melvin 37). The condition of the increasing population of pupils from ethnic minorities in public institutions and the majority of white instructors in the public institutions is a crisis. White instructors need to rethink the crisis of the failure of various pupils from ethnic minorities in the institutions. Instructors nowadays hardly ever display explicit racial discrimination, but may unintentionally act discriminatorily in concealed and understated ways. As a result of placing the burden of achievement in institution completely upon a pupil from an ethnic minority, the instructor does not reflect on his role in creating the institution a positive learning ground. The floor is certainly amassed against people from ethnic minorities and instructors in an undersized way have the capability to offset the effects of racial discrimination. Definitely, there are a lot of other aspects that be part of the cause of a pupil success like a supportive family. Still, white instructors lean to classify these aspects with the consequence of holding responsible the victim and omitting the reality that the true rival is institutional racial discrimination. White instructors must to be not as much concerned about being branded racially prejudiced and be less troubled with contesting such accusations whenever they are expressed by pupils. Rather, instructors should to observe how their own actions, both with respect to their dealings with pupils and their selections of classroom matter to guarantee that they are doing everything feasible to assist pupils from ethnic minorities to succeed (Melvin 39). The asset of the United States as a country has been rooted in its ability to distinguish and nurture its diversity. Its blend of diversity has been a collage of expressions and outlooks that collaborated to clothe the country to be unified, in a never ending quest for life, liberation and sovereignty for all. While there will always be disagreements on the ways and measures that gets in the way of success, may all rise up every single day, and safeguard the nation’s ability to expressive what it deems as its absolute right to be heard exercising its people’s freedom of speech (Jones NP). Hope should remain. Hope in the odd that living in an ethnically diversified world is feasible. More than being an odd, it is the kind of life everyone else must work hard to achieve. A life that is lived in accord between people regardless of native roots is an ideal kind of life. It is certainly a kind of life that transforms and surpasses boundaries formerly defined, aimed for the betterment of all (Racebridges. net NP). As we close the chapter on one heritage recognition to bridge the pages to the next, may everyone else never forget that the United States was molded on the hard labors of its immigrant populace. Having come from the Plymouth Rock, or from the weight of servitude, the force has been established and set free of the control of racial discrimination (Jones NP). For everyone to gaze further at the road that lie ahead, it is necessary to set sights on the rear view mirror to keep certain that alarming signs of the threats that lies further on are not overlooked. It is important to study, assess and commemorate history, or be condemned in recurring failures habitually. The past should be the handbook and experience must be the lead. It is there to serve as a reflection of the path yet to be (Jones NP). Ethic and socio – economic condition are amid the most well-known kind of inter – class affairs that mirrors kinds of social discrimination in the country. Whenever social discrimination is present, prejudice is a crucial feature of inter – class affairs. Prejudice can function to underpin the representational borders that divide ethnic class from one and the other (MacArthur MacArthur NP). Racial discrimination is as relevant a subject matter at present as it was two decades ago (Miles168). Quite the opposite of other age group the world today is typically more and varied, mobile and integrated than it has ever been. These days, people find themselves living in a world with not only complete strangers, rather quite particularly exceptional individuals (Estlund 20). In our day than ever before, it is critical that all people take a firm position against racial discrimination. Everyone must stay alert and prepared to battle it out in opposition to those who longs to segregate and demoralize societies on grounds of race, background, ethnic group, faith or principles. A hate – provoked offense against members of a specific race is still an assault all of humanity. We are constantly challenged by racial discrimination in every aspect of society. Countless marginal neighborhoods are still subjected to different faces of racial discrimination and racist brutality. For most neighborhoods, the racist danger has augmented. There is a need for efficient and impartial actions to deal with all forms of racial discrimination. The governmental structure counter racism or hostility have not yet stood firmly on its ground, in some parts of the country still needs execution. There is a need to enforce it successfully and noticeably. Victims must recognize that their encounters of racial discrimination will be critically dealt with by powers that be. Perpetrators of the crimes must be made aware that their deeds will not be allowed by the world. For one, the possibility of creating deep and multi –thread ties grounded on resemblance is nothing sort of usual. On the contrary, the possibility of creating ties that surpasses social discrimination thrives. However, establishing such kind of ties that surpasses social discrimination is not quite simple. By not counting on the help of a certain amount of force, this type of ties is unfeasible. All the same when it carried out, it is perhaps more lean and more awkward that the type of ties grounded on resemblance (Estlund 20). To all intents and purposes, these ties can foster trust. It can generate a sense of togetherness, harmony for a reason. Ultimately, compounded with the development towards objectivity and integration in the office and beyond, trust could be encouraged as well (Estlund 20). In spite of everything, no one person can possibly live solely by himself. It is man’s basic nature that requires him to establish and interconnection with his neighbors. The world exists to blend diverse civilization. This is just but one of the certainties in this world. Instead of isolating oneself from his neighbors whom he perceives to be unlike himself, may everyone else simply learn to love and embrace his own as well as his neighbor’s individuality. The diversity in this world is worth more than its simple meaning. It exists to be a living reminder of the real essence of man’s uniqueness. It is there to impart the lesson to all ears that need to hear that differences in all intents and purposes are the common ground where people of all races and places can meet half way. And all else is better taken a step further from there. Firm rebuff of the racist philosophy is necessary for everyone. Impartiality, non – existence of prejudice and deference for the human civil liberties of all are frequent threads in our culture, which highlight the battle in opposition to racism. They are an essential part of one’s commitment to his neighbors. It is not simply a subject for institutional action. There is a demand to remain united in the battle in opposition to racism and succeed. It is a form of corruption to the future and a renouncement to the common codes of conduct if with consent the racist is permitted to develop a scheme wherein the people’s actions are deemed to be normal. How to cite Discrimination in the United States Today, Papers

Old Dogs New Tricks free essay sample

A comparison of two of Phillip Roths novels The Human Stain written in 2000 and Portnoys Complaint written 40 years earlier. This paper examines the differences in attitudes towards sexuality, especially male sexuality, as portrayed in Roths novels. The writer shows that Roth has always been very open about Jewish male sexuality in his works and compares how these two novels address this issue. Writing style and technique is analyzed as well as the main characters of each story Portnoy and Coleman Silk. `Philip Roths The Human Stain does not present a simple picture of gender roles in relationships. Rather, this novel, published by Roth in 2000, at the age of 67, presents a mature complex view of human sexuality especially when compared with Portnoys Complaint which he wrote and published 40 years earlier. A writer for Esquire came up with a perfect phrase to describe Roths evolved perspective on sexual roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Old Dogs New Tricks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sven Birkerts entitled his review of The Human Stain, Old Dog, New Trick. Roth is the old dog, who over the last 40 years has been popularly known for frank presentation of sexuality, especially Jewish male sexuality. From the horny Portnoy who masturbated into a piece of fresh meat while his Jewish mother screamed at him from outside the locked bathroom door, to Coleman Silks convoluted relationships with women, Roth has come a long way. Roth, the survivor of prostate surgery gives the telling of the story of Coleman Silk to his stand-in Zuckerman, a writer who has also surgically survived prostate cancer. Thus, the author and narrator, both distanced from the intensity of the sexual circus, can offer a new more enigmatic perspective. In Coleman Silk, Roth exhibits the old male myths of phallic power, but also he shows how there is so much more than appears on the surface in gender relationships. Through Silk, Roth shows that the masks humans wear in relationship are as multi ple and complex as the masks worn by the Greek tragedians who were so close to Colemans heart.`

The Sports Taboo †English 1 page Essay

The Sports Taboo – English 1 page Essay Free Online Research Papers The Sports Taboo English 1 page Essay In his essay, â€Å"The Sports Taboo† Malcolm Gladwell writes about blacks and whites and how they compare when in comes to athletic ability. He expresses how it’s all right to talk about medical differences: such as blacks having a higher incidence of hypertension than whites except it’s taboo to talk about racial differences in athletic abilities. Malcolm Gladwell starts out his essay by writing what whites are supposed to be good at and what blacks are supposed to be good at. â€Å"In football, whites play quarterback and blacks play running back; in baseball whites pitch and blacks play the outfield.† (135) He gives all these ideas and reasons as to why blacks seem to have better athletic identity and even he himself appears to believe that if you are white, you stand no chance. On page 136 he says, â€Å"It was as if I saw his whiteness as a degenerative disease, which would eventually claim and cripple him.† I think that in this paragraph, Gladwell demonstrates how stereotypes work and how much they influence your thinking. If this is the case, then the reason you notice less white people excelling in sports could be because they them selves are influenced by the stereotype that they will never be good enough. I agree with Gladwell’s thoughts on stereotyping and how much people are affected by it. He also makes an example of this when comparing boys and girls. Gladwell writes that their differences in math scores could be because society expects boys to do better. This is true because society has a huge influence on people and their thinking. For example: why don’t many girls become engineers and boys become nurses? I think that, after reading the entire essay, Gladwell believes there is more than one factor that contributes to great athletic ability. One of them is genetics. â€Å"According to the medical evidence, African-Americans seem to have, on the average, greater bone mass than do white Americans-a difference that suggests greater muscle mass.† (p137) I totally agree that genes have something to do with it, but it’s not the only factor. Another factor that contributes to athletic ability is effort. Gladwell writes how athletic success depends on the individual and their desire to be the best. I believe that this is the most important factor and if you want something enough, you will put your all into it and try so much more than someone who doesn’t have the will. Gladwell gives a great example at the end of his essay. He describes a time when he was running with two of his buddies and then one day his buddies’ decided to run straight up Signal Hill backwards. â€Å"What I do know is that such questions were irrelevant, because, as I realized, they were willing to go to far greater lengths to develop their talent. They ran up the hill backward. I ran home.† (p144) This finalizes his views that athletic success depends on both, genetics and drive. Research Papers on The Sports Taboo - English 1 page EssayWhere Wild and West MeetBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

SAT Subject Test Dates 2018-2019

SAT Subject Test Dates 2018-2019 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At PrepScholar, we pride ourselves on using the best data to keep you posted about upcoming test schedules and registration deadlines. It's essential to plan ahead and choose wisely when selecting Subject Tests and test dates. You can see the SAT test dates for previous years. Refer to this information to get a general idea of when College Board has its test dates for the SAT and how long after the test you can view your scores. In this article, I’ll give you the SAT Subject Test dates for 2018-2019 and explain what you should consider when choosing your test date and Subject Tests. Test Dates for the 2018-2019 School Year SAT Subject Tests are given on the same dates and in the same locations as the SAT, but there’s an additional test date in March for the SAT that isn’t offered for the SAT Subject Tests. Subject Test Dates The College Board lists these dates on its website, but they’re still subject to change. Not every test is offered on every date. For example, the language with listening tests are only offered in November. Subject Test Aug 25, 2018 Oct 6, 2018 Nov 3, 2018 Dec 1, 2018 May 4, 2019 Jun 1, 2019 Literature X X X X X X US History X X X X X X World History X X Mathematics Level 1 X X X X X X Mathematics Level 2 X X X X X X Biology E/M X X X X X X Chemistry X X X X X X Physics X X X X X X French X X X X X German X Spanish X X X X X Modern Hebrew X Italian X Latin X X French with Listening X German with Listening X Spanish with Listening X Chinese with Listening X Japanese with Listening X Korean with Listening X You can take chemistry on each testing date. Registration Dates The registration deadlines and score release dates are projected by PrepScholar. Test Date Normal Registration Late Registration Score Release Aug 25, 2018 Jul 27, 2018 Aug 10, 2018 Sept 13, 2018 Oct 6, 2018 Sep 7, 2018 Sep 21, 2018 Oct 25, 2018 Nov 3, 2018 Oct 5, 2018 Oct 19, 2018 Nov 22, 2018 Dec 1, 2018 Nov 2, 2018 Nov 16, 2018 Dec 20, 2018 May 4, 2019 Apr 5, 2019 Apr 19, 2019 May 23, 2019 Jun 1, 2019 May 3, 2019 May 17, 2019 Jun 20, 2019 How Accurate Are the Tables Above? The test dates are the anticipated dates provided by the College Board, and the registration and score release dates are our estimations. Even though all the dates are likely to be correct, because the test dates are provided by the College Board, those dates may be somewhat more reliable. The test dates won’t be confirmed until within a year of the test. If any of the dates change, they’ll probably be a week earlier or later than the anticipated date. You can use these dates to help determine when you'll take your SAT Subject Tests. If you know your available options, you can select the date that works best with your schedule. Also, you can factor in the specific tests you're taking and the time you need to prepare for them. The tables are pretty accurate. How to Choose Your Subject Tests? Here’s what you should consider when selecting your Subject Tests: What Do Your Colleges Require? Know the requirements of the schools you're considering applying to. Do they require Subject Tests? If so, how many and which ones? Are you applying to a school or program that requires you to take science and math? Do you have to take Math II? Are you applying to colleges that want to see your skill level in a variety of subjects? Furthermore, are you applying to test optional or flexible colleges that allow you to use Subject Tests in place of the SAT or ACT? Call the admissions office if you have any questions about a school's policies. What Are Your Best Subjects in School? Typically, you'll do the best on the tests related to your best subjects in school. If you thoroughly enjoy US History and you're excelling in your AP US History class, you'll probably do well on the US History Subject Test. Are You Fluent in Another Language? Many non-native English speakers take the Subject Test in their native tongue, even if they’re not taking a class in that language. Often, they're able to get a high score and show off their language prowess. However, make sure you review the content for the Subject Test even if you're fluent. I scored higher on my Spanish Subject Test than some of my friends who are native Spanish speakers because I was more comfortable with Spanish grammar rules and written Spanish even though they were much more adept at conversational Spanish. For more guidance and study resources, read our articles on SAT Subject Tests. How to Choose Your Test Dates Review this article on how to select SAT Subject Test dates. When picking your test date, remember that you can take one, two, or three Subject Tests on a single test date. Here are the most important factors to consider. When Your Skills Are at Their Best Generally, you want to take your Subject Test in a particular subject when you’re studying the highest level of that subject. If you're taking AP Chemistry in your junior year, you may want to take the Chemistry Subject Test in May or June of that year right after you've spent a full year studying chemistry and preparing for the AP test. When Are Your College Deadlines? For most schools, the December test of your senior year will be the last time you can take the Subject Tests, and if you're applying early, the October test may be the last possible date for you. Make sure you have enough time to retake the tests, if necessary, and know your deadlines. Check Your Personal Schedule Give yourself ample time to study, and try to avoid taking the test when you have possible conflicts. If your'e particularly preoccupied with school and extracurricular activities in a certain month, you may want to avoid taking your Subject Tests then. What's Next? Find out how to register for SAT Subject Tests and send your scores. Also, learn more about how SAT Subject Tests are scored. Finally, if you're deciding between taking Math I and Math II, check out this article. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Family Therapy Modalities Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Therapy Modalities Paper - Assignment Example Generally, psychological treatments involve communication and issue of instructions to clients, but without administration of drugs. However, therapists or counselors may determine and understand situations to refer their patients to medical doctors or other forms of treatment. Individual therapy and family therapy have certain similarities and differences. Similarities Both individual and family therapies involve or base of psychological processes and procedures. The two methods do not involve administration of medical drugs or any forms of medical diagnosis. However, a therapist can recommend that a patient see a medical doctor when health condition of the given patient proves necessary (Lebow, 2014). When referred to a medical doctor, a patient receives the necessary treatment and returns to the psychologist for actual treatment. In both individual and family therapies, an individual patient attends and is usually the center of focus. Strategies and approaches designed to solve a given problem depend on the nature and condition of the given patient. Even though family members form an important part of the entire therapy in family therapy, much of focus and energy directs to the actual patient. Differences Individual therapy involves treatment of a patient when alone and in engagement with a therapist. Sessions for individual therapies do not involve any other third party besides the patient and the counselor. Family therapy on the other hand involves treatment of the patient while in company of the family members. Sessions for family therapies involve patient, family members and the counselor.

Comprehensive Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comprehensive Examination - Essay Example is a renowned philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose thoughts, teachings, and ideas have been very influential on the American society as well as around the world (Neil, 2005). John Dewey believed that learning needs to be active and not long and restrictive. He believed that children could learn much more if things were aught on a practical basis rather than only theories. Dewey has written a number of works in various subjects however his most famous subject is education. Dewey has won a number of awards like the Doctor â€Å"Honoris Causa† from university of Oslo, Pennsylvania, Yale and Rome and he has also won Copernican Citation in 1943. Dewey’s theory was presented in ‘My Pedagogic Creed’ (1897). According to Dewey education is a necessity of life and every person starts learning right from the time of birth. A teacher plays a very important role in the educational system. It is up to the teacher to help stimulate the child’s powers by ensuring the child faces a social situation which stimulates the child’s powers. It is essential that the teacher understands the need for a student to be a part of the social society, and that the person being educated is a social individual and is a part of the society which is an organic union of individuals (Emand, 2000). If any one of these are eliminated it would cause a very bad effect on the child’s education as well as the life of the individual. According the Dewey’s theory it is always better to make children study in a more practical way rather than in a standard classroom structure where the students thoughts are limited and the students are not given a chance to bloom and bring out fresher ideas. As he has already mentioned it is also possible to teach children maths by learning proportions in cooking or even time limits in travelling between places by a mule can help children develop their mathematics skills. Also the teaching structure for this type of education would require

Future of Cars Essay -- Technology Vehicle Essays

Future of Cars Vehicles have been around Europe and the United States since the late 19th century. Henry Ford was the first person to produce inexpensive vehicles quickly and was the one to start Ford Motor Company. Ford vehicles, as well as many other vehicle companies, have caused people to think differently as to how to travel from one place to another in an efficient manner. From its inception to today, vehicles have changed dramatically. We as drivers feel having the new features or advanced technology in our vehicles is considered unique, especially if it’s under our ownership. Many engineers who currently are working on producing and designing vehicle models have brought new features, that will appear soon in one of America’s popular cars. Recently, an article in Forbes magazine titled â€Å"Wired Wheels† by John Turrettini discusses digital technology stored somewhere in the vehicle. The placement of the new digital technology is dramatic for the driver, since the person at the wheel will not have the authority to brake when they feel there is a need. Drivers will need to understand the functions of the new digital technology installed in their vehicle. They also must be aware of the changes that will occur for them. While we are behind the wheel, we have control of where we are going and when to stop, but when it comes to having new technology designed into our vehicles, we want to know how it will work also. First, we know when to stop, for stop signs, or preventing an accident with a person or an object. Our minds are thinking of when to brake and how to react when we do it. We immediately avoid an accident by steering around it or braking or stopping in time. Engineers who work in the auto industry are experi... ...hicles in the next 10 years. The time might not be far off from now when vehicles will have the brake by wire, but in the meantime we will can depend on the development, the accuracy for the brake by wire to work effectively, and of course we will saving money for these high tech vehicles because I’m sure future vehicles involving the brake by wire technology will be costly. Works Cited Turrettini, John. â€Å"Wired Wheels.† Forbes Aug. 6, 2001: 84-85. Sallee, Debbie, and Ross Bannatyne. â€Å"Trends in Advanced Chassis Control†. Automotive Engineering International Sept. 2001: 30-32. Ballesteros, Juli. â€Å"TRW Drives Steer-By-Wire.† Sept. 17, 2001. http://www.inmedia.it/published/20010915/2001091516329.shtml (24 Nov. 2001). Gross, Ken. â€Å"The Tricky Side of Technology†. Automotive Industries. 2001. http://www.ai-online.com/articles/1001/gross.asp (26 Nov. 2001)

Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD: 1. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Before the Industrial Revolution† M. Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek â€Å"Arm en Rijk† D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges: Migratie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Before the Industrial Revolution† M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1: Demand (pages: 3 t/m 52) Spain census of population, 1789, lot of population estimations are rough and not precise. Small societies. Not very large growth of population in 18th century. Low fertility or high mortality is the cause of slow growth. So population of preindustrial Europe remained relatively small. more in chapter 5). Normal mortality occurs in normal years. Catastrophic mortality occurs in calamitous years, it far exceeded current fertility. Always drastic fluctuations of population. Needs: depend on population size, geographical factors, and structure of population by age/gender/occupation & sociocultural factors . Cultural factors forbid/duty to do certain things. As long as a person is free to demand what he wants, what counts on the market are not ‘needs’, but ‘wants’. Wants are both expressed by individuals and society but only have limited resources, we have to make choices.Wants become effective demand when they are backed by purchasing power. (expressed by purchasing power). Purchasing power is based on income/distribution of income (public/private) & level and structure of prices. Income and distribution: Incomes can be divided in wages/profits/interests and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a striking contrast between the abject misery of the mass and the affluence and magnificence of a limited number of very rich people. Lyon & Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of the wealth assessed. Other measurement of wealth: bags of grain. (reserves).Gregory King made accurate calculations of national income, putting to good use all the material h e had available in addition to his personal observations. Poverty and unequal distribution of wealth and income. People with no income at all beggars. In France at the end of the 17th century, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. Most people lived at subsistence level, no savings or social security to help them in distress, only hope was charity. In different European cities, there were different percentages of â€Å"beggars†. Many fluctuations in unemployment figures. In years of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) high numbers of poverty.Income can be earned or transferred. Transfers: voluntary transfers (charity/gifts) & compulsory transfers (taxation). Many people left things behind for charity when they died. Also disasters and feasts served to accentuate charity. When people died from a disaster, their belongings went to the church/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could affect productive activity. Compulsory tran sfers; taxation on the one hand, plunder and theft on the other hand. Theft on low-class people because of: famine, inequality of income. Noble people also: earlier centuries of middle ages.Ransom (losgeld), large transfers of wealth. In early periods, great importance of alternatives to trade. After 10th century, trade expanded and concentrated in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand: Demand for production goods, demand for services, demand for capital goods. 1. Demand for consumption goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for capital goods Demand can also be divided into: 1. Private internal demand 2. Public internal demand 3. Foreign demand Private demand: the lower the income, the higher the percentage spend on food (logic). The poorer the country, the higher the percentage spend on food of total expenditures.The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such as bread (stijfselachtig voedsel). Rich people, less amount of total income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too much. Purchase of clothing was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of deads were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese Public Health Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the way of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. Low wages favoured the demand of domestic services.Wages only did not represent the total expenditures on them. costs of food/living/heating and other items provided tot servants by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is naturally saved. Nobody saves to the same extent: 1. Level income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. Obvious when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an amount saved of their income. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in England at the end of the 17th century amounted to less than 5 percent of national income.Very unfair divided income distribution. Even though England was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high concentration of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save only if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes circular savingwill be converted into investment. Hoarding: preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not reach financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). Beginning 11th centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities.Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious building. 11th & 12th century financed through dis-hoarding. Investment euphoria. Public demand: Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of national income. Before the 18th century public and private demand were different to distingu ish. Distinction: presence of CHURCH as patrimonial & economic entity. Level and structure of public demand: a. â€Å"income† public power (derive from: taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. â€Å"wants† of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes; income is function of their â€Å"wants†. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance the public powers managed to broaden the tax base & to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the Crown rose. But also rising prices, growing population, increased wealth.Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints! From 12th century sometimes administration was done by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public money were embassies (representation). But military expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. Also medical and educational services rose. Ethical & social valuepaying with public money so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education: in the Middle Ages only private education (few).When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human capital. Guns & warships unattractive form of capital, capital goods middle 15th century public expenditure. Demand of the church: Church is important economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they donate to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. 16th and 17th centurygrowing size of land holdings.Every now and then , however, church fell upon hard times in which bad administration affected property Reformation was worst period before 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was left of English monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands & possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole.Foreign demand: Network of exchanges with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital & metals). Import/Export = foreign trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. End 16th century, clothes 80% English export. High transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. Industrial revolution made it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be measured by total GDP. (GNP). England best country with statistics on foreign trade. Henry VII (15th centrury) 300. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade.In Portugal, ancient manufacturers destroyed. Trade consequences depend on qualitative structures of certain trade. CHAPTER 2: The factors of production (pages; 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called â€Å"factors of production†. Labor (ARBEID): divide people in consumers/producers & ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial & industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but NOT producers). Nowadays productivity is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial: work till dead, start younger than 15.Chil d labor fields; summer. Bad treatment + female labor (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse: sells food (mother’s milk) & cares for infant (service). Of economical and social importance. Sectors of activity: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary: Agricultural; low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, kill and eat it, very vulnerable†¦ Working Capital: consists of stocks and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays: ratio working capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, doomsday preppers however still exist;-)). Working capital is continually turned over. Continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL: Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment were extremely limited. Not so much because of poor potential of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR): non reproducible capital. Not infinite!!!! Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of: silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, etc.Medieval people were conscious about pollution more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of cutting and planting trees. Later the rules became less important to the Europeans (during M. A & Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian culture because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of water and wind for land-based activities (used on the spot), so manufacturers were located were mills could be build. Organization: labor, capital and natural resources must be combined in organizational forms which vary according to technology, the size of markets and the types of production.Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrated on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchant s with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. Modern capitalism manufacturing or trading sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3: Productivity and Production (pages; 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges from their combination of use. Determinants: better education, economies of scale, technological development, etc.Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human vitality of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels: technological progress. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath): between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. Fluctuation because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers : low labor productivity meant that production processes were labor-intensive. Building industry: li ttle improvement on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA & Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440: printing press (drukpers).The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production: greatest part of production in preindustrial Europe: food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The: foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production: the deliberate destruction of men and whealth & pollution and the destruction of the environment. Destruction of men and wealth for political or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War!! -> Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial: scarcity of capital. Plague destroyed men, not capital. Livestock killed, acres burned, vineyard s destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the environment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. damage to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for negative production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increased use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4: The Urban Revolution: The Communes (pages; 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. Economic decline. North improved position, contact with south. Muslim invasion. Depressed and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and 13th centuries represented a new development, which changed the course of history. Differences between parts of countries and countries. Mas sive migratory movement.Towns grew because populations grew, high fertility & people from rural areas to cities. Migration: push & pull factors. Town was a place for innovation, economic and social advancement. Nobles took residence in the city (Italy). Cities became seats and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were very different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers†¦ Italian cities attack and conquer the surrounding territory ( conflict with central power of Empire).Germans not!! France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities developed slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. Horizontal arrangements, co-operation among equals: university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the new outlook and which reflected new ideas. QUESTION: How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian histo rian) beside a feudal castle of rising again from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of new society. Between 11th & 13th century. CHAPTER 5: Population: Trends & Plagues (pages; 123 t/m 136)Beginning new millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. Also: wars, famines & epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. 16th century substantial growth. Beginning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage: manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried.Number of children born still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION: Which types of mortality can be distinguished? Normal and catastrophic mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While catastrophic mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very vulnerable to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines contributed directly to increase in mortality but also indirect by encouraging epidemics.Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small! Effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the # people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but after a catastrophe start all over again. Citites surv ived because of flow from country to city.Epidemics after 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. Disappearance of plague after 17th century. Reasons: better building, burying corpses, disappearance of black rat? –> onverdedigbaar! BUT: ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6: Technology (pages; 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700: Romans ->Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT: we always think of machinery as we think of technology.Romans were very good in : organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century: watermills, plough, crop rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing draft animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and strengthen each other. Many horses used, better capital. Alos IRON for equipme nt. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also Windmillsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatically, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions: spinning wheel and spectacles (BRIL). Beginning 14th century: clocks, firearms and canal locks. Ship building: ship skeleton first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of winds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation: printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive.Press opened up vast new horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. Spread rapidly. Spinning wheel China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation: small steps through numerous minor experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical axis, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European paper produced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century passion for mechanization of all productive processes. LABOR SAVING DEVICES.Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanical outlook from people. Spread of clock: churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization: in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook reinforced more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible dangerous disturbances. Scarcity of labor caused by epidemics one factor; but were many more and complex factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations.WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology: 12th – 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and English. Through ages; main channel for diffusion of innovation has been migration of people. = migration of human capital. Sometimes things kept a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread: migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries skilled labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for economy of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement.DRANG NACH OSTEN; Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7: Enterprise, Credit & Money (pages; 160 t/m 182) Enterprise a nd credit: Business techniques; organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English; great trading companies.Lack of productive investment because of hoarding etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda: partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in business†¦instead of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia (coastal cities). Inland grew companies better†¦less risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). Involvement of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in company history. End 13th century; entries publicly authenticated. Italians: double entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda: not possible without MUTUAL TRUST & honesty in business. Development civil/criminal legislation. Monetary trends: Start 11th century economy + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. Gold measured in carats, pure measure of gold and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. Silver, 1 coin only.Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to mechanize the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods instead of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) !! Extreme: in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) P:marketprice, M: amount someone brought in, C:charge minter, S:left of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluation and r evaluation, economy suffered in France.Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldn’t belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwards devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with â€Å"multiples† of 1 coint. Bimetallic: system with silver AND gold started in Italy. Supply of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese; 1457, cruzado). Afterwards silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy & chunky coins. Silver â€Å"Guldiner† in Germany. Spanish came back from America with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. Bankers appeared money changes: intermediaries for public & mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. Just a fraction of total amount in KAS. –>reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who collected deposits and created money. Bank money positive development. QUESTION: Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits.Not all money was there because bankers only hold a â€Å"fraction† of total deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8: Production, Income & Consumption (pages; 183 t/m 208) The great expansion: 1000-1300: Phase of expansion: new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. Fertile land, NEW land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered.Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German eastw ard expansion was demographic, economic, political and religious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to Central Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. Rebuilding new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Northern Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads.Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends: 1300-1500: CHAPTER 9: The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages; 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Arm & Rijk † D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid: Europa en China * 3. Europa’s eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. Van ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 1 2. Winnaars en verliezers: de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur:Invloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. Hierarchy betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldheid is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden: klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER.Complexe en indirecte verbanden: Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hierdoor inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterft e erg minder. Contrast echter nog steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (inheems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste: droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld.Afrika: sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede door bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? [zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij] & [hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen] 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid: Europa en China: Europa: betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt.Hierdoor achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook do or culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografische liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gezonder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China: tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen.Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SAMENLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELD†¦Een  hydraulische samenleving  (ook bekend onder de termen  watermonopolie-rijk  of  hydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, die haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water.Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerde  irrigatie  of gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale planning en een hiertoe gespecialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. ] 3. Europa’s eigen weg: In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend).Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de onderneming szin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht!!! Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betreft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalen†¦Als er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze overlopen.Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa: economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? [nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht]